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Stöcker, C., & Hoffmann, J. (2004). The ideomotor principle and motor sequence acquisition: Tone effects facilitate movement chunking. Psychological Research/Psychologische Forschung, 68(2), 126–137.
Abstract: Participants practiced short sequences of key presses; sequence length and response-effect mapping were the independent variables. Contingent, distinct key-effect relations were contrasted with either contingent but uniform or no response effects. In Experiment 1, tone effects were relevant as response-specific stimuli and also as effects. The sequence length effect for the tones group was reduced. In Experiment 2, participants were informed about the sequences to be executed and then given varying amounts of preparation time before the start signal. A reduction in the sequence length effect was observed, and initiation times and mean interresponse time (IRTs) were generally reduced in the tone group. Preparation time could compensate for some but not all of the latency reducing influence of the tone effects. The results are discussed with reference to ideomotor approaches to motor control, i.e., the notion that actions are represented in sensory format. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2006 APA, all rights reserved) (from the journal abstract)
Keywords: ideomotor principle; motor sequence acquisition; tone effects; response effects; sequence length effects; movement chunking; Auditory Stimulation; Chunking; Learning; Motor Processes; Responses; Ideation
Notes: 0340-07271430-2772Accession Number: 2004-21489-006. First Author & Affiliation: Stöcker, Christian; Psychologie III, University of WÃRrzburg, WÃRrzburg, Germany. Release Date: 20041213. Publication Type: Journal; Peer Reviewed Journal. Media Covered: Electronic. Media Available: Electronic; Print. Document Type: Original Journal Article. Language: English. Major Descriptor(s): Auditory Stimulation; Chunking; Learning; Motor Processes; Responses. Minor Descriptor(s): Ideation. Classification: Cognitive Processes (2340). Population: Human (10)Male (30)Female (40). Age Group:Adulthood (18 yrs & older) (300); . References Available: Y.
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Len Bass, P. C., Rick Kazman, Bass, L., Clements Paul, Kazman Rick, Bass Len., et al. (2003). Software Architecture in Practice. SEI series in software engineering. Pearson.
Keywords: algorithms
Notes: The first edition of this book established itself as the leading book on this topic of growing importance. It was critically acclaimed (recipient of the Software Development Magazine Productivity Award) and widely embraced by customers. The second edition maintains the goals of the first edition: to define and explain software architecture, and to demonstrate, through real-world case studies, its importance for software system design. The added goals of the second edition are to bring the content up-to-date with significant developments in the understanding and practice of software architecture in the past five years. These developments include advances in architecture analysis, design, reconstruction, and documentation–advances in which the authors, through their work at the Software Engineering Institute (SEI), have played a direct and prominent role.<br/><br/>print<br/><br/>xxii, 528 p. : ill. ; 25 cm.<br/><br/>Len Bass, Paul Clements, Rick Kazman.<br/><br/>Includes bibliographical references (p. 489-494) and index.<br/><br/>
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Robertson, S., Myerson, J., & Hale, S. (2006). Are There Age Differences in Intraindividual Variability in Working Memory Performance? Journals of Gerontology: Series B: Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences, 61(1), 18–24.
Abstract: It has been suggested, primarily based on response time (RT) data, that there is an age-related increase in intraindividual variability. To determine whether older adults show more intraindividual variability in working memory (WM) performance, we had younger and older adults perform three verbal WM tasks of varying complexity as well as a same-different judgment RT task. For both groups, individual performance tended to be more variable on the two complex span tasks than on the simple span task. Although older adults showed greater variability on the RT task, consistent with previous studies, they did not show greater variability on any of the WM tasks. These findings fail to support theories of frontal lobe aging that predict greater moment-to-moment fluctuations in the performance of older adults. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2007 APA, all rights reserved) (from the journal abstract)
Keywords: age differences; intraindividual variability; working memory performance; response time; older adults; younger adults; Cognitive Ability; Reaction Time; Response Variability; Short Term Memory; Aging
Notes: 1079-5014Accession Number: 2006-20522-003. First Author & Affiliation: Robertson, Shannon; Department of Psychology, Washington University, St. Louis, MO, US. Other Journal Title: Journals of Gerontology: Series B: Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences. Release Date: 20061120. Publication Type: Journal (0100) Peer Reviewed Journal (0110). Media Covered: Electronic. Media Available: Electronic; Print. Document Type: Journal Article. Language: English. Conference Information: Cognitive Aging Conference. Conference Note: Portions of the data were presented at the aforementioned conference. Major Descriptor: Age Differences; Cognitive Ability; Reaction Time; Response Variability; Short Term Memory. Minor Descriptor: Aging. Classification: Cognitive & Perceptual Development (2820) . Population: Human (10) Male (30) Female (40) . Location: US. Age Group: Adulthood (18 yrs & older) (300) Young Adulthood (18-29 yrs) (320) Aged (65 yrs & older) (380) . Grant Information: This research was supported in part by the National Institute on Aging under Training Grant AG00030 to Martha Storandt and Grant R01-AG22448 to Sandra Hale. Tests & Measures: Wormington Test Card; . Methodology: Empirical Study; Quantitative Study. References Available: Y.
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Sebesta, R. Concepts of Programming Languages. Addison Wesley.
Keywords: algorithms
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Schmiedek, F., Oberauer, K., Wilhelm, O., Süß, H. - M., & Wittmann, W. W. (2007). Individual differences in components of reaction time distributions and their relations to working memory and intelligence. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 136(3), 414–429.
Abstract: The authors bring together approaches from cognitive and individual differences psychology to model characteristics of reaction time distributions beyond measures of central tendency. Ex-Gaussian distributions and a diffusion model approach are used to describe individuals' reaction time data. The authors identified common latent factors for each of the 3 ex-Gaussian parameters and for 3 parameters central to the diffusion model using structural equation modeling for a battery of choice reaction tasks. These factors had differential relations to criterion constructs. Parameters reflecting the tail of the distribution (i.e., Ï" in the ex-Gaussian and drift rate in the diffusion model) were the strongest unique predictors of working memory, reasoning, and psychometric speed. Theories of controlled attention and binding are discussed as potential theoretical explanations. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2007 APA, all rights reserved). (from the journal abstract)
Keywords: reaction time distributions; ex-Gaussian; EZ diffusion model; working memory; intelligence; individual differences; Reaction Time; Short Term Memory; Normal Distribution
Notes: 0096-3445Accession Number: xge-136-3-414. First Author & Affiliation: Schmiedek, Florian; Center for Lifespan Psychology, Max Planck Institute for Human Development, Berlin, Germany. Other Journal Title: Journal of Experimental Psychology. Release Date: 20070813. Publication Type: Journal, Peer Reviewed Journal. Media Covered: Electronic. Media Available: Electronic; Print. Document Type: Journal Article. Language: English. Major Descriptor: Individual Differences; Intelligence; Reaction Time; Short Term Memory. Minor Descriptor: Normal Distribution. Classification: Cognitive Processes (2340); Population: Human (10); Male (30); Female (40); Location: Germany. Age Group: Adulthood (18 yrs & older) (300); Grant Information: This research was supported by German Research Foundation Grant Wi 1390/ 1-2.. Methodology: Empirical Study; Quantitative Study. Supplemental Data: Appendixes [Appended]; . References Available: Y.
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