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Author |
Thomas, D.N. |
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Title |
Frozen Oceans – The floating world of pack ice |
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Book Whole |
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Year |
2004 |
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Abstract |
Pack ice is a layer of frozen seawater on the top of the polar oceans, varying in thickness from a few centimetres to tens of metres. It is an ephemeral feature, not just of polar regions but also of seas such as the Baltic, Caspian and Sea of Okhotsk. At its maximum extent it covers 13% of the Earth's surface area, making it one of the major biomes on the planet.For many years seen as an obstacle to trade and a threat to human life, the ice itself is now perceived to be vulnerable as we come to realize the dangers posed by global warming. Sea ice not only dominates polar regions but is also central to global ocean circulation as well as global climate patterns. Every year the formation, consolidation and subsequent melt of millions of square kilometres of ice influence the whole of the ocean's ecosystems.This is the first book to offer the general reader access to a remote frozen habitat which has for so long fascinated explorers, writers and scientists. During the harsh polar winter the surface of the ocean freezes up, forming a temporary ice layer called pack ice, or sea ice. This gives rise to a spectacular floating world which for a number of months each year becomes home to a wealth of plant and animal life. The wonderful colour photographs of life on, in and under the ice help draw the reader into this superb account of an extreme environment. Guaranteed to capture the imagination.The author is a veteran of six expeditions to the Arctic and Antarctic, and this book is packed with photographs taken in the course of his journeys. His lively and readable text conveys his excitement at the dangers and possibilities of life on the ice. He provides an in-depth background to the whole ecosystem of sea ice, its living communities and the structure of the ice itself. The level of accurate scientific detail will satisfy anyone looking for a reliable, up-to-date overview of this topic. |
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Publisher |
Natural History Museum |
Place of Publication |
London |
Editor |
Coyne, C. |
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0-565-09188-3 |
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Call Number |
refbase @ admin @ Thomas2004 |
Serial |
756 |
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Author |
Thomas, D.N.; Baumann, M.E.M.; Gleitz, M. |
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Title |
Efficiency of carbon assimilation and photoacclimation in a small unicellular Chaetoceros species from the Weddell Sea (Antarctica): Influence of temperature and irradiance |
Type |
Journal Article |
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Year |
1992 |
Publication |
Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology |
Abbreviated Journal |
J Exp Mar Biol Ecol |
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Volume |
157 |
Issue |
2 |
Pages |
195-209 |
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Keywords |
photosynthesis; Psw; Weddell Sea; Chaetoceros; temperature effects; irradiance; light effects; acclimation; respiration; carbon fixation; low temperature; polar waters; Antarctica; water temperature |
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Abstract |
It is well established that Antarctic phytoplankton and sea-ice algae are able to thrive at low temperatures and it has been proposed that a reduction in respiration may be important in enabling them to do this. This possibility was studied in an Antarctic clone of a small unicellular Chaetoceros species isolated from the Weddell Sea (Antarctica), using comparative measurements of C assimilation during long- and short-term incubation series over a range of temperatures (-1.5 to 4 °C) at two irradiances (5 and 55 µmol m?²/s). Even though doubling times varied considerably, the total amount of C assimilated per cell per generation time was similar at each of the temperature and light conditions. However, over one cell cycle, significant respiratory C losses were determined by divergences in C assimilation patterns between cumulative and long-term incubations at both light intensities at 0 and 4 °C. At -1.5 °C, insignificant C losses were recorded. No significant extracellular release of dissolved organic material (DOC) was observed. |
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Elsevier Science B.V. |
Place of Publication |
Amsterdam |
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0022-0981 |
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Call Number |
refbase @ admin @ Thomas++1992 |
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757 |
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Thomas, D.N.; Kennedy, H.; Kattner, G.; Gerdes, D.; Gough, C.; Dieckmann, G.S. |
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Title |
Biogeochemistry of platelet ice: its influence on particle flux under fast ice in the Weddell Sea, Antarctica |
Type |
Journal Article |
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Year |
2001 |
Publication |
Polar Biology |
Abbreviated Journal |
Polar Biol |
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Volume |
24 |
Issue |
7 |
Pages |
486-496 |
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Abstract |
An array of four sediment traps and one current meter was deployed under a well-developed platelet layer for 15 days in the Drescher Inlet in the Riiser Larsen ice shelf, in February 1998. Traps were deployed at 10 m (just under the platelet layer), 112 m (above the thermocline), 230 m (below thermocline) and 360 m (close to sea floor). There was a substantial flux of particulate organic material out of the platelet layer, although higher amounts were collected in the traps either side of the thermocline. Material collected was predominantly composed of faecal pellets containing diatom species growing within the platelet layer. The size classes of these pellets suggest they derive from protists grazing rather than from larger metazoans. Sediment trap material was analysed for particulate organic carbon/nitrogen/phosphorus (POC/PON/POP) and ?¹³CPOC (carbon isotopic composition of POC). These were compared with organic matter in the overlying platelet layer and the water column. In turn, the biogeochemistry of the platelet layer and water column was investigated and the organic matter characteristics related to inorganic nutrients (nitrate, nitrite, ammonium, silicate, phosphate), dissolved organic carbon/nitrogen (DOC/DON), pH, dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC), oxygen and ?¹³CDIC (carbon isotopic composition dissolved inorganic carbon). |
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Springer-Verlag |
Place of Publication |
Heidelberg |
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ISSN |
0722-4060 |
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no |
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Call Number |
refbase @ admin @ Thomas++2001_2 |
Serial |
762 |
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Author |
Thomas, D.N.; Lara, R.J.; Haas, C.; Schnack-Schiel, S.B.; Dieckmann, G.S.; Kattner, G.; Nöthig, E.-M.; Mizdalski, E. |
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Title |
Biological soup within decaying summer sea ice in the Amundsen Sea, Antarctica |
Type |
Book Chapter |
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Year |
1998 |
Publication |
Antarctic sea ice: Biological processes, interactions and variability |
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Pages |
161-171 |
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Keywords |
Marine biology; Algae; Ice composition; Pack ice; Decomposition; Ecology; Nutrient cycle; Antarctica; Amundsen Sea |
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Abstract |
In late February 1994, during the ANT XI/3 expedition of R/V Polarstern, ice cores from perennial sea ice were sampled in the Amundsen Sea in areas of dense pack ice. The ice was largely rotten, and a conspicuous feature was the occurrence of thick gaps and voids, often filled with a dark brown slush comprised of loose ice chunks and crystals. These interior ice assemblages were at depths between 1.0 and 1.5 m in 3 to 4 m thick ice floes, and had remarkably rich interior ice algal assemblages (<= 377 µg Chl a L?¹) which were in turn a food source for unusually large numbers of foraminifers (<= 1262 individuals L?¹), the calanoid copepod Stephos longipes (<= 163 individuals L?¹) and harpacticoid copepods (<= 168 individuals L?¹). Analysis of inorganic nutrients (nitrate, phosphate, ammonium, nitrite, and silicate) and dissolved organic carbon (DOC) showed that these were sites of high nutrient supply coupled with high rates of nutrient regeneration. |
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Publisher |
American Geophysical Union |
Place of Publication |
Washington, DC |
Editor |
Lizotte, M.P.; Arrigo, K.R. |
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Series Title |
Antarctic Research Series |
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Series Volume |
73 |
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0-87590-901-9 |
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no |
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Call Number |
refbase @ admin @ Thomas++1998 |
Serial |
764 |
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Author |
Thomas, D.N.; Mock, T. |
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Title |
Life in frozen veins – coping with the cold |
Type |
Journal Article |
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Year |
2005 |
Publication |
The Biochemist |
Abbreviated Journal |
Biochemist |
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Volume |
27 |
Issue |
1 |
Pages |
12-16 |
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Keywords |
adaptation; Antarctic; Arctic; low temperature; micro-organism; sea ice |
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Abstract |
Every autumn a fundamental transition occurs in the surface waters of Polar Oceans. The surface waters of millions of square kilometres freeze to form an ice layer that varies from a few centimetres through to several metres thick, and which effectively separates the ocean from the atmosphere above. Ice made from seawater is a porous, semi-solid matrix permeated by a labyrinth of brine channels and pores, and within these a diverse microbial assemblage, including viruses, archaea, bacteria, flagellates and unicellular algae can thrive. These assemblages can reach such high abundances that the ice becomes a rich coffee colour. The microbial assemblages are in turn a rich food source for grazing proto- and zooplankton, especially in winter when food in the water column is scarce. |
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Publisher |
Biochemical Society |
Place of Publication |
London |
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Call Number |
refbase @ admin @ Thomas+Mock2005 |
Serial |
765 |
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