Abstract: The neotropical genus Discopleurus is revised and characterized. Two new species, D. mesoamericanus and D. argentinensis, are described from Central America and Argentina respectively. A key to species is provided; the distribution and biology is briefly discussed. Phylogenetic position of the genus and relationships among species are proposed based on cladistic methodology.

Abstract: BACKGROUND: Cigarette smoking is responsible for a massive loss of life in both developed and developing countries. This article develops an alternative to the Peto-Lopez method for estimating the number or fraction of smoking-attributable deaths in high-income countries. METHODS: We use lung cancer death rates as an indicator of the damage caused by smoking. Using administrative data for the population aged > or =50 years from 20 high-income countries in the period from 1950 to 2006, we estimate a negative binomial regression model that predicts mortality from causes other than lung cancer as a function of lung cancer mortality and other variables. Using this regression model, we estimate smoking-attributable deaths based on the difference between observed death rates from lung cancer and expected rates among non-smokers. RESULTS: Combining the estimated number of excess deaths from lung cancer with those from other causes, we find that among males in 1955 the smoking-attributable fraction was highest in Finland (18%); among women, no country exceeded 1%. By 2003, Hungary had the highest fraction of smoking-attributable deaths among males (32%), whereas the USA held that position among women (24%). Our estimates are remarkably similar to those produced by the Peto-Lopez method, a result that supports the validity of each approach. CONCLUSIONS: We provide a simple and straightforward method for estimating the proportion of deaths attributable to smoking in high-income countries. Our results demonstrate that smoking has played a central role in levels, trends and international differences in mortality over the past half century.

Abstract: The neotropical genus Discopleurus is revised and characterized. Two new species, D. mesoamericanus and D. argentinensis, are described from Central America and Argentina respectively. A key to species is provided; the distribution and biology is briefly discussed. Phylogenetic position of the genus and relationships among species are proposed based on cladistic methodology.